Ludo Groen is a doctoral candidate in the history and theory of architecture (gta) at ETH Zürich, while practicing architecture from his eponymous studio. His built work includes multiple houses, interiors, and exhibitions. In 2021, he started his doctoral research into the architecture of banking in Switzerland between 1944 and 1980. Between 2018 and 2021, Ludo has been a researcher at The Berlage at Delft University of Technology and Het Nieuwe Instituut, the Dutch institute for architecture, design, and digital culture. At The Berlage he was involved in the organisation of lectures, master classes, teaching, and various book projects. At Het Nieuwe Instituut, he contributed to the research projects Automated Landscapes and Financial Architectures, and worked on various exhibitions including co-curating MVRDVHNI: The Living Archive of a Studio. Ludo holds a master degree in architecture from Delft University of Technology and a post-master degree from The Berlage.










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Global investment firms are using an arcane financial formula to make huge profits flipping properties in local markets, as recently illustrated in the case of Rotterdam's Groot Handelsgebouw. This article unpacks the building’s financial architectures.

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